Formulation And Evaluation of Face Serum by Using Rose and Beatroot Extract (2025)

The concept of beauty and cosmetics is important part of modern world. Cosmetic products are used to enhance the appearance or odor of body parts and to hide acne, wounds and wrinkles on skin. Cosmetics are used on face, hairs, body to make it look attractive. Beauty care products have mainly two categories synthetic and herbal. While synthetic products may have variety to side effects compared to herbal products. Hence, products that are obtained from nature and are herbal are in more preferred nowadays. Cosmetic preparations help to look charming and young. Cosmetics include body lotion, hair oil, baby products, shampoo, moisturizers, deodorants, lipsticks, powders, eye and facial makeup products etc. Herbal cosmetics are growing in demand and production; it is freely given gift of nature. Natural herbs are grown their particular properties are evaluated and through extraction required chemical constituent is taken to see the results. Herbal products are safe, natural and have no side effect; these properties of herbal products made them grow worldwide. The quest for radiant, healthy-looking skin has led to the development of various skincare products, including face serums. Face serums are concentrated formulations designed to deliver active ingredients deep into the skin, addressing specific skin concerns such as aging, hyperpigmentation and dehydration.[1] Rose and beetroot, two natural ingredients rich in antioxidants, vitamins and minerals, have been traditionally used in skincare for their numerous benefits.[2,3] Rose, known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties, helps to soothe and calm the skin, while beetroot, rich in vitamin C and beta-carotene, provides antioxidant protection and promotes collagen production.[4] This project aims to formulate and evolve a face serum using rose and beetroot as primary ingredients. By combining these natural ingredients with other evidence-based actives, we seek to create a serum that not only addresses various skin concerns but also promotes overall skin health and well-being. Through a systematic approach to formulation and testing, we will optimize the serum's composition, texture and stability, ultimately developing a product that meets the demands of the modern skincare market.[5]

Advantage

1.Improve skin texture

2.Minimizes the skin pores..

3.Hydrates and nourishes the skin.

4.Improve skin elasticity. [6]

Disadvantages

1.The gel or liquid like serum texture is an unsuitable for people who have skin condition that are chronic like eczema or rosacea, that weakens the skin barrier.

2.For this people, serum may penetrate too quickly, causing irritation.[7]

History Of Facial Serums

Facial serums have a rich history dating back to ancient civilizations. Egyptians used natural oils and plant extracts for skincare, while ancient Greeks and Romans created formulations with ingredients like olive oil. In the 20th century, advancements in cosmetic science led to the development of modern serums, incorporating ingredients like hyaluronic acid and antioxidants for targeted skincare benefits. Today, facial serums remain popular for their concentrated, fast-absorbing formulations addressing various skin concerns What are Face Serums Their lightweighe nature and concentrated formulation indeed make them effective for addressing skin concerns at a deeper level. Cosmetic Serum Serums are formulated with high concentration of active ingredients, making them more potent than regular creams. This allows them to address specific skincare concerns more effectively.[8]

Ideal Qualities of Face Serum

Soothes Irritated Skin:

Aloe vera gel known for its antiviral and cell-regenerating abilities offers a comforting effect similar to applying it to sunburn.

Deep Hydration:

Capable of raising and lowering skin moisture levels.

Fight Acne and Fade Blemishes:

Bael fruit prevents bacterial overgrowth, reducing acne and pimples.

Remove Dark Circles and Puffiness

Vitamin E and abundant antioxidants help with eyelid discoloration and cool puffiness.

Reduces Under-Eye Circle Prominence:

Improves the appearance of under-eye circles.[9]

Removes Dead Skin Cells:

Encourages collagen synthesis.

Contains Antioxidant Properties.

Supports healthy-looking skin. [10]

Type of Face Serum

Oil serum

Gel serum

Face serum

Water-based serum

Emulsion serum

Serum

Pressed balm serum [11, 12]

PLANT PROFILE

1. Beetroot

Botanical Name: Rauwolfia serpentina

Synonyms: Ophioxylon serpentinum, Rauwolfia major

Biological Source: The plant is derived from the dried roots of Rauwolfia serpentina, a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae.

Chemical Constituents: The roots contain several alkaloids, including reserpine, rescinnamine and deserpidine.

Family: Apocynaceae.

Chemical Tests: The presence of alkaloids can be detected using chemical tests such as the Mayer's test or the Dragendorff's test.

Geographical Source: The plant is native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.

Uses: The plant has been used in traditional medicine for centuries to treat various conditions, including hypertension, anxiety and insomnia.

Microscopic Characters: The roots have a characteristic microscopical structure, with a cork layer, a cortex and a central cylinder.

Morphology:

The plant is a perennial shrub that grows up to 1 meter in height with a woody stem and a taproot. The leaves are simple, alternate and elliptical in shape. The flowers are small white and arranged in clusters.[15,16]

Fig. 1: Beetroot

2. Rose

Botanical Name: Rosa damascena

Synonyms: Rosa gallica, Rosa centifolia

Biological Source: The plant is derived from the flowers of Rosa damascena, a species of rose in the family Rosaceae.

Chemical Constituents: The flowers contain volatile oils, including geraniol, linalool and beta-damascenone, as well as flavonoids and anthocyanins.

Family: Rosaceae

Chemical Tests: The presence of volatile oils can be detected using chemical tests such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Geographical Source: The plant is native to the Middle East and Europebut is now cultivated in many parts of the world.

Uses: The plant is used in perfumery, aromatherapy and traditional medicine and is also a popular ornamental plant.

Microscopic Characters: The flowers have a characteristic microscopical structure, with petals that are covered in tiny, soft hairs.[17]

Morphology: The plant is a perennial shrub that grows up to 2 meters in height with thorny stems and dark green, serrated leaves.The flowers are showy, fragrant and typically pink or red in colour

Fig .2; Rose

3 .Aloevera

Botanical Name: Aloe vera

Synonyms: Aloe barbadensis, Aloe indica

Biological Source: The plant is derived from the leaves of Aloe vera, a species of succulent plant in the family Asphodelaceae.

Chemical Constituents: The leaves contain a gel-like substance that is rich in vitamins, minerals and amino acids, as well as anthraquinones and polysaccharides.

Family: Asphodelaceae (Asphodel family)

Chemical Tests: The presence of anthraquinones can be detected using chemical tests such as the Borntrager's test.

Geographical Source: The plant is native to Africa, but is now cultivated in many parts of the world.

Uses: The plant is used in traditional medicine, cosmetics and skincare products and is also a popular ornamental plant.

Microscopic Characters: The leaves have a characteristic microscopical structure, with a thick cuticle and a gel-filled parenchyma.

MorphologyThe plant is a succulent shrub that grows up to 1 meter in height, with thick, fleshy leaves that are green or grayish-green in color. The flowers are yellow or orange in color and are arranged in a spike-like inflorescence.[18,19]

Fig .3 : Aloevera

EXCIPIENTS PROFILE

Coconut oil:

Non-proprietary Name: Coconut Oil

Synonyms: Cocos nucifera oil

Chemical Name and CAS / Respiratory Name: Coconut oil; CAS No: 8001-31-8

Structural Formula: Complex mixture of triglycerides (mainly lauric, myristic, palmitic acids)

Functional Category: Emollient, moisturizer, vehicle in topical formulations

Stability and Storage: Stable under normal conditions. Store in a cool, dry place, away from sunlight.

Safety: Generally recognized as safe (GRAS); low irritation risk. May cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

Tween 40:

Non-proprietary Name: Polysorbate 40

Synonyms: Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate

Chemical Name and CAS / Respiratory Name: Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate; CAS No: 9005-66-7

Structural Formula:

Derived from palmitic acid esterified with sorbitan and ethoxylated with ethylene oxide

Functional Category: Surfactant, emulsifier, solubilizer

Stability and Storage: Stable. Store at room temperature, protect from moisture and heat.

Safety: Generally safe; may cause mild irritation in high concentrations.

Olive oil :

Non-proprietary Name: Olive Oil

Synonyms: Olea europaea oil

Chemical Name and CAS / Respiratory Name: Olive oil; CAS No: 8001-25-0

Structural Formula: Primarily triglycerides of oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids

Functional Category: Emollient, lubricant, antioxidant in formulations

Stability and Storage: Oxidizes over time; store in airtight, light-resistant containers in a cool place

Safety: GRAS; safe for topical and oral use; very low allergy risk [20,21]

Benzyl alcohol:

Non-proprietary Name: Benzyl Alcohol

Synonyms: Phenylmethanol

Chemical Name and CAS / Respiratory Name: Benzyl alcohol; CAS No: 100-51-6

Structural Formula: C?H?CH?OH

Functional Category: Preservative, solvent, local anesthetic

Stability and Storage: Stable. Store tightly closed in a cool, ventilated place

Safety: Safe at low concentrations; can be toxic at higher doses; eye/skin irritant.

Glycerine :

Non-proprietary Name: Glycerin

Synonyms: Glycerol

Chemical Name and CAS / Respiratory Name: Propane-1,2,3-triol; CAS No: 56-81-5

Structural Formula: C?H?O?

Functional Category: Humectant, solvent, emollient

Stability and Storage: Very stable; hygroscopic; store in tightly sealed containers

Safety: GRAS; safe for oral, topical, and injectable use; non-toxic.

Almond oil :

Non-proprietary Name: Almond Oil (Sweet)

Synonyms: Prunus amygdalus dulcis oil

Chemical Name and CAS / Respiratory Name: Almond oil; CAS No: 8007-69-0 or 90320-37-9

Structural Formula: Triglycerides primarily of oleic and linoleic acids

Functional Category: Emollient, skin-conditioning agent

Stability and Storage: Stable when stored in a cool, dry place in sealed containers

Safety: Generally safe; potential allergen for people with nut allergies.[22,23]

METHODOLOGY AND EVALUATION

• Method

• Extraction of Rose powder by maceration process

Maceration Process for Rose Extraction

Maceration is a traditional method for extracting bioactive compounds from plant rose.

• Steps:

1. Rose petals are collected and cleaned

2. Prepare a powder from the petals

3. The powder is added into the solvent (ethanol)

4. Mixture is left to macerate for a period (hours or days)

5. Liquid extract is separated from solid

6. Extract is filtered and concentrated.[21]

Fig. 4: Rose extraction process

• Extraction of Beetroot Powder by Maceration Process

Maceration is a process of extracting active ingredients from plant materials, like beetroot, using a solvent.

• Process:

1. Beetroot is cleaned, dried, and powdered.

2. The powder is mixed with a solvent (e.g., ethanol).

3. The mixture is left to steep for a period, allowing the solvent to extract the desired compounds.

4. The liquid extract is then separated from the solids.

5. The extract is further processed to obtain beetroot powder.[22]

Fig.5: Beetroot extraction process

• Procedure:

1. Preparation of Beetroot Extract: Beetroot extract can be prepared by solvent extraction or cold pressing. For solvent extraction, beetroot powder is mixed with a solvent such as ethanol or glycerin, and then filtered and concentrated.
2. Blending of Oils: Mix olive oil, Almond oil, coconut oil and tween20 in a clean and sterile container.
3. Addition of Actives: Add beetroot extract and rose essential oil, glycerin and distilled water to the oil blend and mix well.
4. Preservation: Add a preservative such as benzyl alcohol to prevent microbial growth.
5. PH Adjustment: Adjust the pH of the serum to a skin-friendly range (pH 5.5-6.5) using a pH adjuster such as sodium hydroxide.
6. Filtration and Packaging: Filter the serum through a 0.2-micron filter and package in a clean and sterile container.[24]

Formulation Table

5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Result